Know-How Exchange : Student Questions

Hello, I am currently working on a scientific study where I am comparing the correlation between two independent variables, temperature and particulate matter concentrations. All variables are collected at the same time and same place. Conducting a correlation analysis on Minitab resulting in a p-value of less than 0.01, stating there is significance in the data? I performed a regression analysis and yielded an R-squared of less than 0.10. There are 770 observations.

So, with the p-value stating that the data is significant, does the R-squared state the value of the significance? Only 10%? I guess I am asking how does this relatively low R-sq value in scientific standards describe that the data? Can the R-sq value be an indicator of strength? 1 being strong and in this case .10 being weak? So in this example there is significance between temp and particulate matter conc. but its a weak significance? And if so can that level of strength be considered a percentage, for example in my case only a 10% correlation?

Thanks!